diff --git a/core/includes/theme.inc b/core/includes/theme.inc
index 290d0e6001ec4bf95b44a4ac86d9112ac840550d..e338fd15906e1927f6e69e31e06a156794b9d8b9 100644
--- a/core/includes/theme.inc
+++ b/core/includes/theme.inc
@@ -2135,6 +2135,7 @@ function template_preprocess_page(&$variables) {
       '#heading' => array(
         'text' => t('Main menu'),
         'class' => array('visually-hidden'),
+        'attributes' => array('id' => 'links__system_main_menu'),
       ),
       '#set_active_class' => TRUE,
     );
@@ -2146,6 +2147,7 @@ function template_preprocess_page(&$variables) {
       '#heading' => array(
         'text' => t('Secondary menu'),
         'class' => array('visually-hidden'),
+        'attributes' => array('id' => 'links__system_secondary_menu'),
       ),
       '#set_active_class' => TRUE,
     );
diff --git a/core/modules/block/block.module b/core/modules/block/block.module
index ceffa1ff5d0536112d82fe838f7606080004df1d..8c40c497e666d683efa2cd715dc34f81fecb7639 100644
--- a/core/modules/block/block.module
+++ b/core/modules/block/block.module
@@ -382,6 +382,13 @@ function template_preprocess_block(&$variables) {
   if ($id = $variables['elements']['#block']->id()) {
     $variables['attributes']['id'] = drupal_html_id('block-' . $id);
   }
+
+  // Proactively add aria-describedby if possible to improve accessibility.
+  if (isset($variables['elements']['#block']->subject) && isset($variables['attributes']['role'])) {
+    $variables['title_attributes']['id'] = drupal_html_id($variables['elements']['#block']->subject);
+    $variables['attributes']['aria-describedby'] =  $variables['title_attributes']['id'];
+  }
+
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/core/modules/book/book.module b/core/modules/book/book.module
index 5f11fbae7c1e0a5f25c4babfef97527a66fc5a9d..ad4b4d0adb7aa07fc9b6ad3423f646e4e0843d3a 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/book.module
+++ b/core/modules/book/book.module
@@ -361,15 +361,6 @@ function book_form_node_delete_confirm_alter(&$form, $form_state) {
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Implements hook_preprocess_HOOK() for block templates.
- */
-function book_preprocess_block(&$variables) {
-  if ($variables['configuration']['provider'] == 'book') {
-    $variables['attributes']['role'] = 'navigation';
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Prepares variables for book listing block templates.
  *
@@ -389,7 +380,11 @@ function template_preprocess_book_all_books_block(&$variables) {
   $elements = $variables['book_menus'];
   $variables['book_menus'] = array();
   foreach (Element::children($elements) as $index) {
-    $variables['book_menus'][$index] = $elements[$index];
+    $variables['book_menus'][] = array(
+      'id' => $index,
+      'menu' => $elements[$index],
+      'title' => $elements[$index]['#book_title'],
+    );
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php b/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
index b36beff95e5f0715c3ba3d7651bf89a2abff33c6..604dbe6c5fc797de80216d864d4f18bce94fc056 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
@@ -136,6 +136,9 @@ public function build() {
           $pseudo_tree[0]['link'] = $book;
           $book_menus[$book_id] = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($pseudo_tree);
         }
+        $book_menus[$book_id] += array(
+          '#book_title' => $book['title'],
+        );
       }
       if ($book_menus) {
         return array(
diff --git a/core/modules/book/templates/book-all-books-block.html.twig b/core/modules/book/templates/book-all-books-block.html.twig
index b84b59308123f58758d18f842dc426cea58c60e6..61609826f9a2e768ec18059a5322a74e0864f9d0 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/templates/book-all-books-block.html.twig
+++ b/core/modules/book/templates/book-all-books-block.html.twig
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
  *
  * Available variables:
  * - book_menus: Book outlines.
- *   - book_id: The parent book ID.
+ *   - id: The parent book ID.
+ *   - title: The parent book title.
  *   - menu: The top-level book links.
  *
  * @see template_preprocess_book_all_books_block()
@@ -16,8 +17,8 @@
  * @ingroup themeable
  */
 #}
-{% for book_id, menu in book_menus %}
-  <nav id="book-block-menu-{{ book_id }}" class="book-block-menu">
-    {{ menu }}
+{% for book in book_menus %}
+  <nav id="book-block-menu-{{ book.id }}" class="book-block-menu" role="navigation" aria-label="{% trans %}Book outline for {{ book.title }}{% endtrans %}">
+    {{ book.menu }}
   </nav>
 {% endfor %}
diff --git a/core/modules/book/templates/book-navigation.html.twig b/core/modules/book/templates/book-navigation.html.twig
index af6cf517231c96b3f2cb912da5f4a7151ea879ad..abb0d314fd7d21878d568b1a04c3aa196a75c55e 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/templates/book-navigation.html.twig
+++ b/core/modules/book/templates/book-navigation.html.twig
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
  * - book_url: The book/node URL of the current outline being viewed. Provided
  *   as an option. Not used by default.
  * - book_title: The book/node title of the current outline being viewed.
- *   Provided as an option. Not used by default.
  *
  * @see template_preprocess_book_navigation()
  *
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@
  */
 #}
 {% if tree or has_links %}
-  <nav id="book-navigation-{{ book_id }}" class="book-navigation">
+  <nav id="book-navigation-{{ book_id }}" class="book-navigation" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="book-label-{{ book_id }}">
     {{ tree }}
     {% if has_links %}
-      <h2 class="visually-hidden">{{ 'Book Navigation'|t }}</h2>
+      <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="book-label-{{ book_id }}">{{ 'Book traversal links for'|t }} {{ book_title }}</h2>
       <ul class="book-pager">
       {% if prev_url %}
         <li class="previous">
diff --git a/core/modules/system/templates/breadcrumb.html.twig b/core/modules/system/templates/breadcrumb.html.twig
index 5f322f98208ff39cf21ab3ea41cba649c1282f9d..8a4f438079bc74116dcae8ec526c569f80234ad9 100644
--- a/core/modules/system/templates/breadcrumb.html.twig
+++ b/core/modules/system/templates/breadcrumb.html.twig
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
  */
 #}
 {% if breadcrumb %}
-  <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation">
-    <h2 class="visually-hidden">{{ 'You are here'|t }}</h2>
+  <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb">
+    <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">{{ 'Breadcrumb'|t }}</h2>
     <ol>
     {% for item in breadcrumb %}
       <li>{{ item }}</li>
diff --git a/core/modules/system/templates/page.html.twig b/core/modules/system/templates/page.html.twig
index 1f6f9160438ef2d0ee93fefea8698e509340dfbd..d3739e5694a8d350206d499b72f7fa774f7b007d 100644
--- a/core/modules/system/templates/page.html.twig
+++ b/core/modules/system/templates/page.html.twig
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
   </header>
 
   {% if main_menu or secondary_menu %}
-    <nav role="navigation">
+    <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="links__system_main_menu">
       {{ main_menu }}
       {{ secondary_menu }}
     </nav>
diff --git a/core/modules/toolbar/toolbar.module b/core/modules/toolbar/toolbar.module
index 3d6c1fee4316427ead38834f6411816c6db996b0..131a1a57772cf7ed18a99d8e3bed8c18ee374417 100644
--- a/core/modules/toolbar/toolbar.module
+++ b/core/modules/toolbar/toolbar.module
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ function toolbar_element_info() {
       'id' => 'toolbar-administration',
       'class' => array('toolbar'),
       'role' => 'navigation',
+      'aria-label' => t('Site administration'),
     ),
     // Metadata for the administration bar.
     '#bar' => array(
diff --git a/core/themes/bartik/templates/page.html.twig b/core/themes/bartik/templates/page.html.twig
index a906e9745b67c3a43a950cfb75e97490ee144e20..8c739bb94e04721264c19aead5764837dc7a5a57 100644
--- a/core/themes/bartik/templates/page.html.twig
+++ b/core/themes/bartik/templates/page.html.twig
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@
 #}
 <div id="page-wrapper"><div id="page">
 
-  <header id="header" class="{{ secondary_menu ? 'with-secondary-menu' : 'without-secondary-menu' }}" role="banner"><div class="section clearfix">
+  <header id="header" class="{{ secondary_menu ? 'with-secondary-menu' : 'without-secondary-menu' }}" role="banner" aria-label="{{ 'Site header'|t}}"><div class="section clearfix">
    {% if secondary_menu %}
-      <nav id="secondary-menu" class="navigation" role="navigation">
+      <nav id="secondary-menu" class="navigation" role="navigation"  aria-labelledby="links__system_secondary_menu">
         {{ secondary_menu }}
       </nav> <!-- /#secondary-menu -->
     {% endif %}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
     {{ page.header }}
 
     {% if main_menu %}
-      <nav id ="main-menu" class="navigation" role="navigation">
+      <nav id ="main-menu" class="navigation" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="links__system_main_menu">
         <div id="nav"></div>
         <div id="no-nav"></div>
         <a class="main-menu-reveal" href="#nav">{{ 'Menu'|t }}</a>
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
         {% endif %}
       {{ title_suffix }}
         {% if tabs %}
-          <nav class="tabs" role="navigation">
+          <nav class="tabs" role="navigation" aria-label="{{ 'Tabs'|t }}">
             {{ tabs }}
           </nav>
         {% endif %}