diff --git a/core/modules/image/image.admin.inc b/core/modules/image/image.admin.inc
index a2280ff764a499d356f362dc14984a6b9b44a576..f90a4c81aada5de282ab91f739037b1f2a7050bb 100644
--- a/core/modules/image/image.admin.inc
+++ b/core/modules/image/image.admin.inc
@@ -53,9 +53,14 @@ function theme_image_style_effects($variables) {
     )));
   }
 
-  $output = theme('table', array('header' => $header, 'rows' => $rows, 'attributes' => array('id' => 'image-style-effects')));
+  $table = array(
+    '#theme' => 'table',
+    '#header' => $header,
+    '#rows' => $rows,
+    '#attributes' => array('id' => 'image-style-effects'),
+  );
   drupal_add_tabledrag('image-style-effects', 'order', 'sibling', 'image-effect-order-weight');
-  return $output;
+  return drupal_render($table);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -117,10 +122,17 @@ function theme_image_style_preview($variables) {
 
   // Build the preview of the original image.
   $original_url = file_create_url($original_path);
+  $image = array(
+    '#theme' => 'image',
+    '#uri' => $original_path,
+    '#alt' => t('Sample original image'),
+    '#title' => '',
+    '#attributes' => $original_image,
+  );
   $output .= '<div class="preview-image-wrapper">';
   $output .= t('original') . ' (' . l(t('view actual size'), $original_url) . ')';
   $output .= '<div class="preview-image original-image" style="' . $original_image['style'] . '">';
-  $output .= '<a href="' . $original_url . '">' . theme('image', array('uri' => $original_path, 'alt' => t('Sample original image'), 'title' => '', 'attributes' => $original_image)) . '</a>';
+  $output .= '<a href="' . $original_url . '">' . drupal_render($image) . '</a>';
   $output .= '<div class="height" style="height: ' . $original_height . 'px"><span>' . $original_image['height'] . 'px</span></div>';
   $output .= '<div class="width" style="width: ' . $original_width . 'px"><span>' . $original_image['width'] . 'px</span></div>';
   $output .= '</div>'; // End preview-image.
@@ -128,10 +140,17 @@ function theme_image_style_preview($variables) {
 
   // Build the preview of the image style.
   $preview_url = file_create_url($preview_file) . '?cache_bypass=' . REQUEST_TIME;
+  $image = array(
+    '#theme' => 'image',
+    '#uri' => $preview_url,
+    '#alt' => t('Sample modified image'),
+    '#title' => '',
+    '#attributes' => $preview_image,
+  );
   $output .= '<div class="preview-image-wrapper">';
   $output .= check_plain($style->label()) . ' (' . l(t('view actual size'), file_create_url($preview_file) . '?' . time()) . ')';
   $output .= '<div class="preview-image modified-image" style="' . $preview_image['style'] . '">';
-  $output .= '<a href="' . file_create_url($preview_file) . '?' . time() . '">' . theme('image', array('uri' => $preview_url, 'alt' => t('Sample modified image'), 'title' => '', 'attributes' => $preview_image)) . '</a>';
+  $output .= '<a href="' . file_create_url($preview_file) . '?' . time() . '">' . drupal_render($image) . '</a>';
   $output .= '<div class="height" style="height: ' . $preview_height . 'px"><span>' . $preview_image['height'] . 'px</span></div>';
   $output .= '<div class="width" style="width: ' . $preview_width . 'px"><span>' . $preview_image['width'] . 'px</span></div>';
   $output .= '</div>'; // End preview-image.
@@ -166,7 +185,13 @@ function theme_image_anchor($variables) {
     }
   }
 
-  return theme('table', array('header' => array(), 'rows' => $rows, 'attributes' => array('class' => array('image-anchor'))));
+  $table = array(
+    '#theme' => 'table',
+    '#header' => array(),
+    '#rows' => $rows,
+    '#attributes' => array('class' => array('image-anchor')),
+  );
+  return drupal_render($table);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -199,8 +224,11 @@ function theme_image_resize_summary($variables) {
  * @ingroup themeable
  */
 function theme_image_scale_summary($variables) {
-  $data = $variables['data'];
-  return theme('image_resize_summary', array('data' => $data)) . ' ' . ($data['upscale'] ? '(' . t('upscaling allowed') . ')' : '');
+  $image_resize_summary = array(
+    '#theme' => 'image_resize_summary',
+    '#data' => $variables['data'],
+  );
+  return drupal_render($image_resize_summary) . ' ' . ($variables['data']['upscale'] ? '(' . t('upscaling allowed') . ')' : '');
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/core/modules/image/image.field.inc b/core/modules/image/image.field.inc
index 4741a73330f479d59947bab11e9e3532c7a2df5b..ef40ca2b59d8897e694019ff8db25f8bd88ff08c 100644
--- a/core/modules/image/image.field.inc
+++ b/core/modules/image/image.field.inc
@@ -311,7 +311,11 @@ function image_field_widget_process($element, &$form_state, $form) {
     }
 
     $element['preview'] = array(
-      '#markup' => theme('image_style', $variables),
+      '#theme' => 'image_style',
+      '#width' => $variables['width'],
+      '#height' => $variables['height'],
+      '#style_name' => $variables['style_name'],
+      '#uri' => $variables['uri'],
     );
 
     // Store the dimensions in the form so the file doesn't have to be accessed
diff --git a/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Plugin/field/widget/ImageWidget.php b/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Plugin/field/widget/ImageWidget.php
index 3b733a67646747bd71615b0089748c01f4bce1cf..f34bb71d0795696564548afcdf64104a001f948f 100644
--- a/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Plugin/field/widget/ImageWidget.php
+++ b/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Plugin/field/widget/ImageWidget.php
@@ -84,14 +84,20 @@ protected function formMultipleElements(EntityInterface $entity, FieldInterface
     $elements = parent::formMultipleElements($entity, $items, $langcode, $form, $form_state);
 
     $cardinality = $this->fieldDefinition->getFieldCardinality();
+    $file_upload_help = array(
+      '#theme' => 'file_upload_help',
+      '#upload_validators' => $elements[0]['#upload_validators'],
+      '#cardinality' => $cardinality,
+    );
     if ($cardinality == 1) {
       // If there's only one field, return it as delta 0.
       if (empty($elements[0]['#default_value']['fids'])) {
-        $elements[0]['#description'] = theme('file_upload_help', array('description' => $this->fieldDefinition->getFieldDescription(), 'upload_validators' => $elements[0]['#upload_validators'], 'cardinality' => $cardinality));
+        $file_upload_help['#description'] = $this->fieldDefinition->getFieldDescription();
+        $elements[0]['#description'] = drupal_render($file_upload_help);
       }
     }
     else {
-      $elements['#file_upload_description'] = theme('file_upload_help', array('upload_validators' => $elements[0]['#upload_validators'], 'cardinality' => $cardinality));
+      $elements['#file_upload_description'] = drupal_render($file_upload_help);
     }
 
     return $elements;
diff --git a/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Tests/ImageFieldDisplayTest.php b/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Tests/ImageFieldDisplayTest.php
index 27e67efd3d72f6b7839a82deb27beea1908bd701..e7f8d72544cfece2dc459f3e5841c2cf011074ea 100644
--- a/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Tests/ImageFieldDisplayTest.php
+++ b/core/modules/image/lib/Drupal/image/Tests/ImageFieldDisplayTest.php
@@ -59,12 +59,13 @@ function _testImageFieldFormatters($scheme) {
 
     // Test that the default formatter is being used.
     $image_uri = file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri();
-    $image_info = array(
-      'uri' => $image_uri,
-      'width' => 40,
-      'height' => 20,
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => $image_uri,
+      '#width' => 40,
+      '#height' => 20,
     );
-    $default_output = theme('image', $image_info);
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Default formatter displaying correctly on full node view.');
 
     // Test the image linked to file formatter.
@@ -76,7 +77,13 @@ function _testImageFieldFormatters($scheme) {
     $display->setComponent($field_name, $display_options)
       ->save();
 
-    $default_output = l(theme('image', $image_info), file_create_url($image_uri), array('html' => TRUE));
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => $image_uri,
+      '#width' => 40,
+      '#height' => 20,
+    );
+    $default_output = l($image, file_create_url($image_uri), array('html' => TRUE));
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $nid);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Image linked to file formatter displaying correctly on full node view.');
     // Verify that the image can be downloaded.
@@ -100,7 +107,13 @@ function _testImageFieldFormatters($scheme) {
     $display_options['settings']['image_link'] = 'content';
     $display->setComponent($field_name, $display_options)
       ->save();
-    $default_output = l(theme('image', $image_info), 'node/' . $nid, array('html' => TRUE, 'attributes' => array('class' => 'active')));
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => $image_uri,
+      '#width' => 40,
+      '#height' => 20,
+    );
+    $default_output = l($image, 'node/' . $nid, array('html' => TRUE, 'attributes' => array('class' => 'active')));
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $nid);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Image linked to content formatter displaying correctly on full node view.');
 
@@ -113,11 +126,14 @@ function _testImageFieldFormatters($scheme) {
     // Ensure the derivative image is generated so we do not have to deal with
     // image style callback paths.
     $this->drupalGet(entity_load('image_style', 'thumbnail')->buildUrl($image_uri));
-    $image_info['uri'] = $image_uri;
-    $image_info['width'] = 100;
-    $image_info['height'] = 50;
-    $image_info['style_name'] = 'thumbnail';
-    $default_output = theme('image_style', $image_info);
+    $image_style = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image_style',
+      '#uri' => $image_uri,
+      '#width' => 100,
+      '#height' => 50,
+      '#style_name' => 'thumbnail',
+    );
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image_style);
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $nid);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Image style thumbnail formatter displaying correctly on full node view.');
 
@@ -164,29 +180,31 @@ function testImageFieldSettings() {
     // Verify that the attached image is being previewed using the 'medium'
     // style.
     $node = node_load($nid, TRUE);
-    $image_info = array(
-      'uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
-      'width' => 220,
-      'height' => 110,
-      'style_name' => 'medium',
+    $image_style = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image_style',
+      '#uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
+      '#width' => 220,
+      '#height' => 110,
+      '#style_name' => 'medium',
     );
-    $default_output = theme('image_style', $image_info);
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image_style);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, "Preview image is displayed using 'medium' style.");
 
     // Add alt/title fields to the image and verify that they are displayed.
-    $image_info = array(
-      'uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
-      'alt' => $this->randomName(),
-      'title' => $this->randomName(),
-      'width' => 40,
-      'height' => 20,
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
+      '#alt' => $this->randomName(),
+      '#title' => $this->randomName(),
+      '#width' => 40,
+      '#height' => 20,
     );
     $edit = array(
-      $field_name . '[' . Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED . '][0][alt]' => $image_info['alt'],
-      $field_name . '[' . Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED . '][0][title]' => $image_info['title'],
+      $field_name . '[' . Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED . '][0][alt]' => $image['#alt'],
+      $field_name . '[' . Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED . '][0][title]' => $image['#title'],
     );
     $this->drupalPost('node/' . $nid . '/edit', $edit, t('Save and keep published'));
-    $default_output = theme('image', $image_info);
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image);
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Image displayed using user supplied alt and title attributes.');
 
     // Verify that alt/title longer than allowed results in a validation error.
@@ -232,9 +250,13 @@ function testImageFieldDefaultImage() {
     // Clear field info cache so the new default image is detected.
     field_info_cache_clear();
     $field = field_info_field($field_name);
-    $image = file_load($field['settings']['default_image']);
-    $this->assertTrue($image->isPermanent(), 'The default image status is permanent.');
-    $default_output = theme('image', array('uri' => $image->getFileUri()));
+    $file = file_load($field['settings']['default_image']);
+    $this->assertTrue($file->isPermanent(), 'The default image status is permanent.');
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => $file->getFileUri(),
+    );
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image);
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $node->id());
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Default image displayed when no user supplied image is present.');
 
@@ -242,12 +264,13 @@ function testImageFieldDefaultImage() {
     // is not displayed.
     $nid = $this->uploadNodeImage($images[1], $field_name, 'article');
     $node = node_load($nid, TRUE);
-    $image_info = array(
-      'uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
-      'width' => 40,
-      'height' => 20,
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => file_load($node->{$field_name}[Language::LANGCODE_NOT_SPECIFIED][0]['target_id'])->getFileUri(),
+      '#width' => 40,
+      '#height' => 20,
     );
-    $image_output = theme('image', $image_info);
+    $image_output = drupal_render($image);
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $nid);
     $this->assertNoRaw($default_output, 'Default image is not displayed when user supplied image is present.');
     $this->assertRaw($image_output, 'User supplied image is displayed.');
@@ -274,13 +297,17 @@ function testImageFieldDefaultImage() {
     field_info_cache_clear();
 
     $private_field = field_info_field($private_field_name);
-    $image = file_load($private_field['settings']['default_image']);
-    $this->assertEqual('private', file_uri_scheme($image->getFileUri()), 'Default image uses private:// scheme.');
-    $this->assertTrue($image->isPermanent(), 'The default image status is permanent.');
+    $file = file_load($private_field['settings']['default_image']);
+    $this->assertEqual('private', file_uri_scheme($file->getFileUri()), 'Default image uses private:// scheme.');
+    $this->assertTrue($file->isPermanent(), 'The default image status is permanent.');
     // Create a new node with no image attached and ensure that default private
     // image is displayed.
     $node = $this->drupalCreateNode(array('type' => 'article'));
-    $default_output = theme('image', array('uri' => $image->getFileUri()));
+    $image = array(
+      '#theme' => 'image',
+      '#uri' => $file->getFileUri(),
+    );
+    $default_output = drupal_render($image);
     $this->drupalGet('node/' . $node->id());
     $this->assertRaw($default_output, 'Default private image displayed when no user supplied image is present.');
   }